South Africa Grade 12 Life Sciences Syllabus - Course Entries

1. DNA: The Code of Life

This section explores the structure and function of DNA, the molecule carrying the genetic code. Topics covered include:

• DNA structure: The double helix, nucleotides, and base pairing.
• DNA replication: The process of DNA duplication.
• DNA profiling: Techniques used to distinguish between individuals using DNA samples.

2. Meiosis

This section examines meiosis, a specialized type of cell division crucial for sexual reproduction. Key concepts include:

• The stages of meiosis: Meiosis I and Meiosis II, and the events occurring in each stage.
• The importance of meiosis in producing gametes (sex cells).
• The role of meiosis in genetic variation.

3. Human Reproduction

This section covers the human reproductive system and its processes. Key areas include:

• Male and female reproductive systems: Structure and function of the organs involved.
• The human life cycle: From fertilization to birth and beyond.
• Hormonal regulation of reproduction.

4. Genetics

This section delves into the principles of inheritance and genetic variation. Topics covered include:

• Mendelian genetics: Laws of inheritance, dominant and recessive alleles.
• Genetic crosses: Predicting the inheritance of traits.
• Genetic engineering: Altering the genome of living cells.

5. Responding to the Environment

This section explores how humans respond to their environment, focusing on the nervous and endocrine systems. Key areas include:

• The nervous system: Structure and function of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
• The endocrine system: Hormones and their role in regulating body functions.
• Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment.

6. Human Endocrine System

This section focuses specifically on the endocrine system, including:

• Endocrine glands: Location and function of major endocrine glands.
• Hormones: Chemical messengers and their effects on target organs.
• Hormonal disorders: Causes and effects of imbalances in hormone levels.

7. Homeostasis

This section examines the concept of homeostasis, including:

• Mechanisms of homeostasis: Negative feedback loops and their role in maintaining stability.
• Examples of homeostasis: Regulation of body temperature, blood glucose levels, and water balance.
• The importance of homeostasis for survival.