South Sudan Secondary 2 Chemistry Curriculum - Chemistry
Unit 1: The Atmosphere and Properties of Common Gases
- Air is a mixture of gases, with the following composition by volume:
- Experiments to determine the percentage of oxygen in air:
- Burning a candle in a gas jar inverted over sodium hydroxide solution.
- Heating copper turnings in a fixed volume of air.
- Burning phosphorus in a graduated tube inverted over water.
- Rusting of iron: Iron rusts in the presence of both oxygen and water.
- Properties of common gases: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
- Laboratory preparation of oxygen: Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide using manganese(IV) oxide as a catalyst.
- Large-scale production of oxygen: Fractional distillation of liquid air.
- Kinetic molecular theory: Explains the behavior of gases.
Unit 2: Atomic Structure, The Periodic Table, and Bonding
- Structure of the atom: Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Atomic number and mass number.
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
- Relative atomic mass: The average mass of an atom compared to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
- Electron arrangement in atoms: Energy levels or shells.
- The periodic table: Arrangement of elements based on atomic number and electron configuration.
- Ion formation: Gain or loss of electrons to achieve a stable electron arrangement.
- Ionic bonding: Transfer of electrons between atoms.
- Covalent bonding: Sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Coordinate (dative) bonding: Sharing of electrons where both electrons come from one atom.
- Metallic bonding: Attraction between positive metal ions and delocalized electrons.
- Hydrogen bonding: Attraction between a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.
Unit 3: Formation of Salts and Electrolysis
- Definition of a salt: A compound formed when the hydrogen ions of an acid are replaced by a metal ion or ammonium radical.
- Methods of preparing salts:
- Reaction of an acid with a metal.
- Reaction of an acid with an insoluble base.
- Reaction of an acid with an insoluble carbonate.
- Reaction of an acid with an alkali (neutralization).
- Precipitation (double decomposition).
- Direct combination of elements.
- Solubility of salts: Soluble and insoluble salts.
- Action of heat on salts: Decomposition of carbonates, nitrates, and sulfates.
- Electrolysis: Decomposition of a compound by passing an electric current through it.
- Electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
- Electrolytic cell: Anode, cathode, and electrolyte.
- Electrolysis of molten compounds: Preferential discharge of ions.
- Electrolysis of aqueous solutions: Effect of concentration and nature of electrodes.
- Quantity of electricity: Coulomb, Faraday's laws of electrolysis.
- Applications of electrolysis: Extraction and refining of metals, electroplating, manufacture of sodium hydroxide, chlorine, and hydrogen.
Unit 4: Carbon, Its Atomic Structures and Compounds
- Allotropes of carbon: Diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon.
- Properties of carbon: Combustion and reducing properties.
- Oxides of carbon: Carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO).
- Laboratory preparation of carbon dioxide: Reaction of an acid with a carbonate.
- Properties and uses of carbon dioxide.
- Laboratory preparation of carbon monoxide: Dehydration of methanoic acid.
- Properties and uses of carbon monoxide.
- Carbonates: Action of heat and dilute acids on carbonates.
- Large-scale manufacture of sodium carbonate: Solvay process.
- Uses of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate.
- The carbon cycle.
- Significance of carbon dioxide and carbon compounds in the ecosystem.
- Effects of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide on the environment.
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