Sudan Primary 8 Mathematics Syllabus

This syllabus covers a range of mathematical concepts, building upon the knowledge acquired in previous years and introducing new, more complex topics. The curriculum emphasizes competency-based learning, encouraging critical thinking and practical application of skills. The syllabus is divided into six units:

Unit 1: Numbers

This unit delves into complex number problems, focusing on factors and multiples, squares and square roots, decimals, fractions, and percentages. Students will:

• Factors and Multiples: Explore factors and multiples of higher numbers, including those expressed as fractions and decimals. They will learn to identify all factors of a given number and find multiples of a number using various strategies.
• Squares and Square Roots: Determine the squares and square roots of perfect squares, extending this knowledge to mixed numbers involving perfect squares. They will also compute square roots of decimals and fractions.
• Decimals and Fractions: Distinguish between terminal and recurring decimals. Practice converting fractions to percentages and vice-versa, as well as converting decimals to percentages and vice-versa.
• Applications: Apply the interrelationships between fractions, decimals, and percentages to solve complex real-world problems. This includes understanding how these concepts are used in everyday situations like discounts, taxes, and proportions.

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Unit 2: Measurement

This unit covers the measurement of various geometric shapes and the concepts of time, speed, and distance. Students will:

• Perimeter and Circumference: Investigate length, perimeter, and circumference of circles. Review properties of various triangles (isosceles, equilateral, scalene, right-angled) and quadrilaterals (parallelograms, rhombuses, kites, trapeziums). Calculate perimeters of these shapes.
• Area: Calculate the area of rectangles, squares, triangles, circles, trapeziums, and combined shapes. Apply these skills to real-world problem-solving, such as calculating the area of land or the amount of material needed for a project.
• Surface Area and Volume: Investigate and calculate the surface area and volume of cubes, cuboids, spheres, cylinders, cones, triangular prisms, and square-based pyramids. Convert between cubic meters and cubic centimeters (m³ to cm³ and vice-versa). Apply this knowledge to practical problems involving capacity and volume.
• Time, Speed, and Distance: Investigate the relationship between time, speed, and distance. Express speed as distance covered per unit time (e.g., m/s, km/h) and solve problems involving these concepts, such as calculating travel time or average speed.

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Unit 3: Geometry

This unit focuses on geometric constructions, properties of shapes, and the use of scales and coordinates. Students will:

• Inscribing and Circumscribing Circles: Review prior knowledge of constructing triangles and circles. Learn to inscribe and circumscribe circles within and around triangles. Apply the Pythagorean theorem to determine lengths and areas of triangles.
• Pyramids and Prisms: Construct curved patterns from straight lines and nets. Use this knowledge to create envelopes, pyramids, and prisms. Differentiate between faces, vertices, and edges of 3D shapes.
• Scale: Solve problems involving linear scale, understanding the relationship between actual distances and representative distances on diagrams and maps.
• Coordinates: Plot points on a Cartesian plane using coordinates. Solve problems involving coordinates and linear scale to determine the size and position of objects.

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Unit 4: Algebra

This unit introduces algebraic expressions and sets. Students will:

• Simplifying Algebraic Expressions: Review forming and simplifying algebraic expressions by substitution and combining like terms. Investigate more complex expressions, including those with multiple variables.
• Word Problems and Algebraic Expressions: Translate word statements into algebraic expressions and solve problems involving quantities and variables. Write mathematical expressions into equations and formulae.
• Sets: Develop an understanding of sets, including union, intersection, empty sets, equal sets, finite sets, and infinite sets. Solve problems involving set operations.
• Venn Diagrams: Represent sets and their relationships using Venn diagrams. Interpret Venn diagrams to extract information about sets.

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Unit 5: Statistics

This unit covers data collection, interpretation, and probability. Students will:

• Data Collection: Review drawing statistical graphs and determining measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode). Gather information through various means, such as surveys and observations, and record and interpret their findings.
• Data Analysis and Interpretation: Present, describe, and interpret data from different sources. Engage with complex tasks involving data collection, tabulation, and analysis. Create and interpret frequency tables, bar graphs, pie charts, histograms, and frequency polygons.
• Probability: Predict outcomes of simple probability events (e.g., tossing a coin, rolling a die). Conduct probability experiments and analyze the results. Calculate possible outcomes of simple events and illustrate these outcomes.

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Unit 6: Business Accounting

This unit introduces basic financial concepts related to business. Students will:

• Financial Calculations: Calculate commissions, discounts, hire purchase amounts, profit and loss, simple interest, and compound interest. Develop an understanding of how these calculations are used in business transactions.
• Business Planning: Develop a business plan for an enterprise, including financial projections. Learn about different types of business accounts and how they are used.
• Spreadsheets: Compile spreadsheets to show the impact of changes in factors like raw material costs or commissions on profit margins. Calculate the break-even point for a business.

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This comprehensive syllabus aims to equip students with the necessary mathematical skills and knowledge to succeed in further education and in practical life situations. The emphasis on competency-based learning and real-world applications ensures that students not only understand the concepts but also know how to apply them effectively.