Ukraine Biology and Ecology Curriculum (Standard Level)

This outlines the curriculum for Biology and Ecology at the standard level for the 10th and 11th grades in Ukraine, based on the curriculum provided by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine.

Grade 10

Total Hours: 70 (2 hours per week)

Introduction (2 hours)

• Interdisciplinary connections between biology and ecology.
• Levels of biological system organization and their interconnections.
• Fundamental characteristics of living matter.
• Sustainable development strategies for nature and society.

Subject 1: Biodiversity (13 hours)

• Systematics, nomenclature, classification, phylogenetic systematics.
• Modern species criteria.
• Viruses, viroids, prions: characteristics and functions.
• Hypotheses of viral origin and their interaction with host cells.
• Prokaryotic organisms (archaea and bacteria): characteristics and functions.
• Modern views on the eukaryotic organism system.
• Biodiversity as a consequence of evolution.

Laboratory Work: Identification of the taxonomic position of a species.

Project: Characterization of a species according to species criteria.

Subject 2: Metabolism and Energy Transformation (15 hours)

• Metabolism, enzymes, vitamins, respiration, autotrophs, heterotrophs, chemotrophs, phototrophs, and toxic substances.
• Energy production in different autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms.
• The role of respiration in energy supply.
• Cellular structures involved in metabolic processes.
• The role of enzymes and vitamins in metabolism.
• Metabolic disorders related to nutrient deficiencies or excesses.
• The importance of drinking water quality.
• Rational nutrition and the negative effects of toxic substances.
• Neurohumoral regulation of metabolic processes.

Practical Work: Diagrams of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism in the human body.

Subject 3: Heredity and Variability (20 hours)

• Basic concepts of genetics, laws of heredity, and hybridological analysis.
• Modern molecular genetic methods of human heredity research.
• Organization and realization of hereditary material in eukaryotic cells.
• Human karyotype and chromosome analysis.
• Human genome research, monogenic and polygenic inheritance.
• Extrachromosomal heredity.
• Hereditary and non-hereditary variability, mutations, and mutagenic factors.
• Biological antimutational mechanisms and genetic monitoring.
• The gene pool of human communities.
• Medical genetics, hereditary diseases, diagnosis, prevention, and genetic counseling.

Laboratory Work: Research the patterns of modification variability.

Practical Work: Solving typical genetic tasks.

Project: Booklet, poster, presentation, or book trailer on topics like genetic monitoring, newborn screening programs, or gene therapy.

Subject 4: Reproduction and Development (12 hours)

• Reproduction, mitosis, meiosis, amitosis, regeneration, transplantation, gametogenesis, fertilization, ontogeny, and embryonic induction.
• Regeneration and transplantation in humans, bioethics.
• Cell growth, development, aging, and death.
• Cell cycle disruption and consequences, oncogenic factors, and cancer prevention.
• Human gametogenesis and fertilization.
• Human reproduction, reproductive health, and reproductive medicine.
• Human embryogenesis and embryonic induction.
• Factors influencing human growth and development.

Laboratory Work: Investigating the structure of human germ cells and studying embryogenesis stages.

Grade 11

Total Hours: 70 (2 hours per week)

Subject 5: Adaptations (20 hours)

• Adaptation, pre-adaptation, post-adaptation, adaptive potential, ecological niche, adaptive radiation, co-evolution, co-adaptation, life form, adaptive biological rhythms, and photoperiodism.
• The principle of unity of organisms and environment, and the rule of obligatory filling of an ecological niche.
• Adaptation formation, strategies, and properties.
• Ecologically plastic and non-plastic species, adaptive radiation, and life forms.
• Ecological niche, co-evolution, and co-adaptation.
• Habitats and adaptations, thermoregulation methods, and symbiosis.
• Parasitism and adaptive biological rhythms.
• Photoperiodism and its adaptive significance.

Practical Work: Identifying signs of adaptability in different organisms.

Subject 6: Biological Foundations of a Healthy Lifestyle (12 hours)

• Health, healthy lifestyle, hypodynamia, and infectious diseases.
• Principles and components of a healthy lifestyle.
• Negative effects of alcohol, smoking, drugs, and stress.
• Environmental impact on health.
• The human immune system, immunocorrection, and immunotherapy.
• Disease prevention (non-infectious, infectious, invasive, and sexually transmitted).

Practical Work: Developing recommendations for disease prevention.

Project: Personal health promotion program.

Subject 7: Ecology (15 hours)

• Ecology, environmental factors, limiting factors, tolerance, ecological interaction, population, ecosystem, biogeochemical cycles, biosphere, and noosphere.
• Ecological laws, energy flow in ecosystems, and biomes.
• Biogeochemical cycles, ecological factors, and interactions.
• Population interactions, trophic chains, and trophic webs.
• Ecosystem formation, agrocenoses, and the biosphere.
• Vladimir Vernadsky's theory of the Biosphere and Noosphere.

Project: Studying the structure of local ecosystems.

Subject 8: Sustainable Development and Environmental Management (13 hours)

• Sustainable development, ecological thinking, natural resources, and environmental management.
• Environmental problems, pollution types, and consequences.
• Environmental quality criteria and anthropic impact on the environment.
• Environmental policy, legislation, and international agreements.
• The Red Book, blacklists, and the Green Book of Ukraine.
• Sustainable development, environmental management, and ecological thinking.
• International cooperation in environmental protection.

Practical Work: Assessing the ecological state of a region.

Subject 9: Applications of Biological Research (15 hours)

• Applications of biological research in medicine, selective breeding, and biotechnology. (Further details were not available in the provided source.)