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Venezuelan History for Educación Media Diversificada

Indigenous Groups: Before the arrival of Europeans, Venezuela was inhabited by diverse indigenous groups, including the Arawaks, Caribs, and Timoto-cuicas, as well as the Auaké, Caquetio, Mariche, Pemon, and Piaroa. These groups had varied lifestyles, with some focused on coastal fishing and hunting, while others in mountainous regions developed advanced agricultural practices.

Spanish Colonization: Spanish colonization began in 1521, marked by the establishment of settlements and exploitation of resources, including gold. Indigenous resistance to Spanish rule was a constant feature of this period.
Economic Activities: The colonial economy revolved around gold mining, agriculture, and, later, cocoa production. Enslaved indigenous people and Africans were forced to work in mines and on haciendas.
Growing Discontent: By the late 18th century, political and social unrest grew among the colonists, fueled by resentment towards Spanish rule and inspired by Enlightenment ideals. This discontent laid the groundwork for the independence movement.

Declaration of Independence: In 1810, taking advantage of Napoleon's invasion of Spain, Venezuela declared its independence, becoming the first South American nation to formally break from Spanish rule. Key figures in the independence movement included Simón Bolívar, Francisco de Miranda, and José Félix Ribas.
War of Independence: The struggle for independence was a protracted conflict involving key battles like Carabobo (1821), which solidified Venezuelan independence.
Gran Colombia (1819-1830): Following independence, Venezuela joined with present-day Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador to form Gran Colombia, a republic envisioned by Bolívar. However, regional tensions and political differences led to its dissolution in 1830, with Venezuela becoming a separate sovereign nation.

Caudillismo (1830-1900): The 19th century was marked by political instability and the rise of caudillos, regional military leaders who often held significant power.
Oil Boom (early 20th century): The discovery of oil in the early 20th century transformed Venezuela's economy and led to its emergence as a major oil exporter. This period also saw continued political instability and dictatorships.
20th Century Politics: The latter half of the 20th century witnessed a transition towards democracy, marked by periods of both civilian and military rule. The rise of Hugo Chávez in the late 20th century ushered in a new era in Venezuelan politics.